Analysis of Circuit City Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analysis of Circuit City - Case Study Example I do not think that Circuit City performed poorly merely as a result of the replacement of highly paid workers with poorly paid workers. Stating that the organization’s performance was pegged on employee pay is too simplistic. Figure 1 and Figure 2 below are used to support this argument. Figure 1 shows that as Circuit City’s stock prices increase, customer satisfaction (ASCI index) decreases and vice versa. Assuming stock prices truly represent the financial performance of the organization, and also that there is a correlation between worker pay and customer satisfaction, interpreting Figure 1, one could argue that Circuit City gets higher returns when customer satisfaction is low. In this case, we would expect Circuit City to have performed better with the poorly paid workers who offered poor service. On the other hand, Figure 2 shows that the only time stock price increase/decrease corresponded with a similar increase/decrease in customer satisfaction (ASCI index) wa s between 2006 and 2007. This Figure shows no correlation between stock price and customer satisfaction. Best Buy and Circuit City are in the same industry thus we would have expected their graphs of similar variables to display the similar correlation between stock price and ASCI index unless there are other factors affecting the curves. For this reason, we find it inconclusive to state that the replacement of highly paid workers with lower-paid workers did or did not cause Circuit city to perform so poorly.

The Popol Vuh Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Popol Vuh - Essay Example They have cut a tree for certain structural additions in the hut. Zipacna met the four hundred boys and offered to take the log to their hut all by himself, straightaway to the mountain-top. The boys were alarmed at his physical strength and instead of expressing gratitude, hatched a conspiracy to kill him. They were so jealous of his physical prowess. They decided to dig a hole and throw him there. After digging up to some depth, the boys requested him to go down on the plea that they were unable to dig further to remove the dirt. He responded to their request and went deep, but realized that he would be killed and he dug another hole beside, for his safety. When the hole was deep enough, they engaged him in some futile conversation and at the appropriate time, the boys pushed the wooden log into the hole and believed that it was the end of Zipacna. As soon as the boys saw the ants swarming over the hole, they thought ants were enjoying the meal of the decayed flesh of Zipacna. Zipa cna outsmarted them in that area also, and misled them. He â€Å"cut the hair of his head and chews off his nails† (Orozco n. p.) to feed the ants. ... behavior of Zipacna of helping the four hundred boys is repaid by improper behavior by the four hundred boys, by hatching a plan to kill him, and how this time, Zipacna repays them in the same coin by pulling down their hut to finish them all. The boys suffer for the evil deed and paid with their lives and died an inglorious death. On the first reading, this story does not seem to possess any hidden meaning. However when properly decoded and the true interpretation is made, one can come to the conclusion â€Å" that the ancient Maya were able to derive an orbital period value for the Earth tropical year to an extreme level of accuracy, and also a value for the time cycle that captures recurring synodic conjunctions between the Earth and Mercury.† (Orozco n. p.)They explained the harmony in the calendar system. The story is a metaphor of how to track successive Earth-Mercury conjunctions. The mention of four hundred boys is a significant number. Zipacna represents one solar yea r. Four hundred boys represent four hundred days. Their waiting period above the ground to put the pole into the shaft indicates a four hundred day correction. So, one should approach the mythological stories of the Mayans with the knowledge that they are based on scientific truth, and the results obtained are mathematically correct. The details in the Popol Vuh story have a distinct astronomical accuracy and the mysticism articulated in the story is verifiable though scientific calculations. The leap years come in calculations once in 4 years. It has the impact on the tropical year of Planet Earth and will have repercussions on its accurate value about its duration; therefore corrections of one day to the formula governing the leap year once in 128 years are necessary. The accuracy of the

Therapeutic Intervention And Women Experiencing Domestic Violence Social Work Essay

Therapeutic Intervention And Women Experiencing Domestic Violence Social Work Essay There have been on-going public and professional concerns about the issue of domestic violence in the world. This interest has resulted in a growing body of research evidence which examine the prevalence and correlates of this type of violence (Archer, 2002; Fagan Browne, 1994; Johnson Ferraro, 2000). The most common form of violence against women is domestic violence, or the violence against women in families. Research consistently demonstrates that a woman is more likely to be injured, raped or killed by a current or former partner than by any other persons. Men may kick, bite, slap, punch or try to strangle their wives or partners; they may burn them or throw acid on their faces; they may beat or rape them, with either their body parts or sharp objects and they may use deadly weapons to stab or shoot them. At times, women are seriously injured, and in some cases they are killed or die, as a result of their injuries (United Nations Economic and Social Council, 1996). The assaults are intended to injure womens psychological health and bodies, which usually include humiliation and physical violence. Just like torture, the assaults are unpredictable and bear little relation to womens own behaviour. Moreover, the assaults may continue for weeks, and even years. Some women may believe that they deserve the beatings because of some wrong actions on their parts, while others refrain from speaking about the abuse because they fear that their partner will further harm them in reprisal for revealing the family secrets or they may simply be ashamed of their situation (United Nations Economic and Social Council, Report of the Special Reporters on violence against women, E/CN.4/1996/53, February 1996). Physical and sexual violence against women is an enormous problem throughout the world. The perpetrators are typically males close to women, such as their intimate partners and family members. Violence puts women at risk for both short- and long-term sequel which involves their physical, psychological, and social well-being. The prevalence of violence involving women is alarming and it constitutes a serious health problem. No woman is safe from domestic violence, no matter what country or culture she lives in. According to the latest UN report, one in three women is raped, beaten, or abused during her lifetime. The occasion of todays world Eliminate Violence against Womens Day focuses on Iran, where abuse largely goes unreported and officially at least unrecognized. Some researchers have argued that violence is equally a problem for both sexes (Gelles, 1974; Straus, Gelles and Steinmetz, 1980; both cited in Dwyer, 1996). However, as Bograd (1988) points out, this argument ignores the disproportionate rate of male violence against women and that most documented female violence is committed in self-defence. Moreover, it also ignores the structural supports for male violence against women. There is abundant evidence which suggests that violence, against women by their husbands or partners, is a historical and current norm (i.e. Dobash and Dobash, 1988; Geller, 1992; Gordon, 1998). Some of the criticisms of cognitive behavioural therapies are that they tend to ignore social and political factors which affect clients (Enns, 1997). People who are homeless, battered, or poor may not have the financial resources or social support to use some cognitive and behavioural methods. Cognitive-behaviour therapy views that behaviour is primarily determined by what that person thinks. Cognitive-behaviour therapy works on the premise that thoughts of low self-worth are incorrect and due to faulty learning. In addition, the aim of therapy is to get rid of the faulty concepts which influence negative thinking. Furthermore, cognitive behavioural therapies may not attend to clients cultural assumptions about rationality which are rather implicit in such therapies. To make cognitive and behavioural therapies more compatible with the feminist therapy, Worell and Remer (2003) suggested changing labels that stress the pathology of people, focusing on feeling, and integrating ideas about gender-role socialization, rather than using negative or pathological labels such as distortion, irrationality, or faulty thinking. Worell and Remer (2003) suggest that clients explore ideas, based on the gender-role generalizations which appear to be distorted or irrational. For example, rather than labelling the thought that womens place is in the home as irrational, the therapist should explore the actual rewards and punishments for living out this stereotyped belief. By focusing on anger, particularly angry ones which arise as a result of gender-role limitations or discrimination, women can be helped to feel independent and gain control over their lives. Therefore, helping women with their social-role issues, gender-role and power analysis can be helpful in exp loring ways of dealing with societal pressures which interfere with womens development. This is supported by Wyche (2001) who believes that cognitive and behaviour therapies are particularly relevant for women of colour because they focus on the present, providing clients with methods to use in handling the current problems. 1.2 Statement of the Problem Violence by intimate partners has been recognized throughout the world as a significant health problem. For instance, the World Health Organization (WHO) focuses on violence against women as a priority health issue. Violence by intimate partners refers to any behaviour within an intimate partnership which causes physical, psychological, or sexual harm to those in the relationship. Violence against women is a manifestation of historically unequal power relations between men and women (Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women, 1993). According to this Declaration fear is the biggest outcome of violence against women. Fear from violence is a big obstacle of womens independence and results in women to continue seeking the mens support, and in many instances this support results in the vulnerability and dependency of women, and is the main obstacle in the empowerment of womens potentials, which can bring about the development of their capacities and to use their energy in the improvement of society. Violence and abuse across the world are a common phenomenon and are not specific to a particular society, culture or mentality. Women in any given country and society are in one way or another subjected to violence in the private (home) environment or public (social) environment. In view of the irreversible consequences of violence for both the human, social and family structure of society, and for women themselves. This issue must become extra sensitive in the world. In fact, gender-based violence against women is the violation of their human rights and fundamental freedoms, the denial of their spiritual and physical integrity and an insult to their dignity. Violence against women is an obstacle of access to equal objectives, development and peace. The term violence against women is associated to any violent act that is gender-based that results in physical, mental and sexual hurt and suffering. The main reason for the separation of men and women is mental abuse. Mental abuse is an abusive behaviour which hurts and damages the womans honour, dignity and self-confidence. This type of abuse results the loss of perception, loss of self-confidence, various types of depression, womans failure in managing the family, greed at the work environment, the reconstruction of violent behaviour in children, womans dysfunction in the family, turning to sedatives, alcohol, drugs, fortune-telling (Mehrangiz Kar 2000). Violence against women in Iran takes place in a number of ways: 1 Honour killing; 2 Self-immolation; 3 Domestic violence; 4 Prostitution; 5 Human trafficking, women and children in particular. Violence reduces the self-confidence of women in the family. Women, who are abused, usually become depressed, secluded, and withdrawn people. Depression is also one of the most fundamental psychological problems in women who are in domestic violence. (Enayat, Halimeh,2006). Standards for counselling practice was developed in response to reports from women who were dissatisfied with the counselling they received after experiencing domestic violence, and concerns raised by workers in womens domestic violence services (Inner South Domestic Violence Service in Melbourne). According to the Welfare Organization of Iran (2006), the rate of mental illness among women victimized by domestic violence is significantly higher than among other women having hospital contact. It was noted that while an established network existed for domestic violence crisis and support services were designed specifically to meet the needs of women, counselling services tended to be generalized, with only a few practitioners specializing in the area. Furthermore, there has been no study to show counsellors which treatment for the mental health treatment of women who experienced domestic violence is better than the others (WBO, 2006). Family laws in Iran, create inequality between men and women, and these laws do not have the capacity to protect women who live with violent men, and violence has turned into a power tool for men. As the country progresses into an industrial nation, more academically qualified professionals are in great demand in Iran. Women who have experienced domestic violence are subjected to considerable amount of problems concerning mental health related to domestic violence. In a study by A. A. Noorbala, conducted at the Tehran University of Medical Sciences, the prevalence of mental disorders was shown to be 21.3% in the rural areas, and this was 20.9% in the urban areas. According to an old Iranian saying, Women should sacrifice themselves and tolerate. This shows that many women, if not most women, are involved in domestic violence. It happens in private life and a legal complaint can destroy the life of a woman. In other words, parts of the population have the perception that abuse is done in order to keep with the traditions of the society and out of love. Women, who are victims of domestic violence, perceived that their husbands jealous reactions which turn into violence are a sign of their love and attention to them. In a very traditional and religious setting in which many [in Iran] live, their understanding of religion and the interpretation given to them throughout the centuries is that a man can beat his wife. They believe that it is a religious command and the commentators, who have portrayed Islam in this light as a violent religion, have also contributed to the growth of this kind of culture. The police and judicial system are of little help. If a battered woman calls the police, it is unlikely that they will intervene. Ironically, the traditional attitude towards marital conflict in Iran inclines people to mediate between the couple. In many cases, the woman is usually sent back to her violent home. In the Iranian judicial system, there has been no law established to prevent domestic violence. On the contrary, there are many indicators which encourage violence against women in families in the Iranian Islamic penal code. Some authors estimate that the number of intimate relationships with violent husbands is about 20 to 30 percent (Stark Flitcraft, 1988; Straus Gelles, 1986). Broken bones, miscarriages, broken families, death, and some mental health disorders are some of the consequences of battering in intimate relationships. Each year, over one million women seek medical care due to battering (Nadelson Sauzier, 1989). Victims also experience nightmares and somatic consequences, while children who witness abuse may be symptomatic, displaying a high number of somatic, psychological and behavioural problems (Nadelson Sauzier, 1989). In addition to psychological scarring for victims, children, and batterers, there are broader societal repercussions of domestic violence. Williams-White (1989) state that the structural, cultural, and social characteristics of our society continue to perpetuate the victimization of women at all levels. In a way, violence within familial relationships reflects and helps maintain violence and oppression it widely in culture. Jennings (1 987:195) explains this by stating that violent husbands not only contribute to maintaining the level of violence in society, they also reflect a direct manifestation of socially learned sex-role behaviours. Moreover, the prevalence of battering has crossed race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (Hotaling Sugarman, 1986). Maltreatment of violence can lead to more violence (Walker, 1984). In systems which do not change, future generations may continue to resort to violence to solve problems. In addition, in many of those systems, violence may become more severe with time. For this reason, it is therefore necessary to work on treating the consequences of violence. However, to date, funding for mental health interventions is still limited, and it often only supports short-term treatment which will not adequately address the long-term symptoms. In view of the special treatment for the mental health of women, counseling centres and support houses for women can reduce the mental health problem of abused women and also reduce the domestic violence statistics. At the Welfare Organizations Counselling Centres in Iran, women who are victimized by domestic violence are treated by social workers and counsellors utilizing the cognitive behaviour therapy. Based on the above discussion, this study also analyzed the comparison of the treatments given to women who have experienced domestic violence, using four different therapies, namely combination therapy (cognitive behaviour therapy and feminist therapy) with cognitive behaviour therapy, feminist therapy and social work skills. Violence can shatter a womans life in many ways. Being a victim of violence is widely recognized as a cause for mental health problems, including post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, and panic attacks. Being abused also plays a major role in developing or worsening substance abuse problems. For many women who are affected by violence, their first abuse usually occurred in their childhood or adolescence. Victimized women as childrens mothers frequently end up losing custody of their own children due to allegations of abuse or neglect, and over 50% of child abuse and neglect cases involve parental alcohol and drug abuse. In addition to institutionalized violence against women in Iran, the majority of the women and young girls are facing domestic violence at home at the time when they are still living with their parents. In most cases, it is the father and the other elder male members in the family are among those who first commit the aggression against the women and young girls. According to the latest statistics, two out of every three Iranian women have experienced discrimination and domestic violence from the father or the other male members of their family. For the vast majority of the Iranian women, married life marks the beginning of horror, pain, and humiliation, i.e. being the victim of their husbands and sometimes the other family members. Moreover, eighty one out of 100 married women have experienced domestic violence in the first year of their marriage (Mehrangiz Kar 2000). Even women with outstanding jobs and prestigious social standings are subject to this violation. In most of the cases , this abuse leaves permanent physical and psychological damages for the rest of their lives. Ironically, without saying even a word and with much pain and yet no support, crimes against women have gone unnoticed. Ninety out of 100 women suffer from a severe case of depression, from which they ultimately commit suicide and 71% of those women experience nervous breakdowns. (Mehrangiz Kar 2000). Their methods of suicide include setting themselves ablaze. For them, this is the only way of escaping from segregation and humiliation. For instance in Ilam (a city in Iran), 15 girls set themselves ablaze each month, fighting against oppression or depression (Welfare Organization of Iran, 2005). Looking at how serious this problem has become, it is therefore the responsibility of everyone to fight the oppression against women. Female victims need to believe that they should not be blamed on whatever happens to them. An active participation in the Welfare Organization of Iran to defend the wo mens rights and opposition to the Iranian Islamic fundamentalism is the least one can do to help end the pain and suffering of the victims of violence in both private and public spheres. Violence against women, in human and brutal punishments, such as stoning and complete elimination of the women from the political and social arenas represent some aspects of the modus operandi of fundamentalists leading to institutionalized violence. This also means that the struggle for equality, safety and security cannot be separated from the fight against fundamentalism in Iran. This study made use of the theoretical framework, combining the cognitive-behaviour theory and feminist theory for the mental health of the women who have been victimized by domestic violence. The present study could provide knowledge on the different types of mental health treatments adopted by counsellors at various counselling centres throughout the country. This research also examined the quality of the treatment by combining two therapies (cognitive-behaviour therapy and feminist therapy). Armed with this knowledge, the leaders of the Welfare Organizations, the society, families and counsellors can benefit from the consequences of change in the womens mental health. The suggested theoretical framework would provide a better understanding of the womens mental health and their performance in the society. In summery, battered and abused women need a wide range of responses, flexible services, and supportive policies to enhance their safety and self-sufficiency and to restore their self-esteem and welfare. These might include mental and physical health evaluation and referral; relocation services; confidential advocacy, shelter, and other domestic violence support services; educational and vocational training; legal representation concerning divorce, custody and protective orders; evaluation of immigration status and ethnic or cultural issues; and the effective enforcement of criminal laws and court orders to help free them from their partners control and to keep them and their children safe. We know that women who have suffered abuse are more likely to suffer posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and somatization than those who have never experienced abuse; the more extensive the abuse, the greater the risk of mental health disorder. Womens mental health treatment is an important area to consider for research because (1) girls and women as a group are exposed to more traumatic stressors than boys and men; (2) the mental health of women may be severely affected, resulting not only in immediate psychological symptoms, but also lifetime risk for self-destructive or suicidal behaviour, anxiety and panic attacks, eating disorders, substance abuse, somatization disorder, and sexual adjustment disorders; and (3) psychologists are not regularly trained to work specifically with trauma survivors, which can reduce the effectiveness of the treatment survivors receive. Currently there are 22 crisis intervention centres (womens crisis intervention centre) across the country (Iran), and women can stay in these centres between 6 to 8 months. As violence causes psychological pressures and uncontrolled stresses on and ultimately depression in women generally, this study was intended to find a better and useful treatment in the attempt to improve the treatment for the mental health of the women who have become the victims of domestic violence. The present study would also provide further knowledge and understanding on the three different types of the treatments used, namely the Cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT), Feminist therapy and the combination of the two treatments. The results of this study would therefore contribute the theoretical development and practice in counselling. 1.6 Operational Definition of Terms 1.6.1 Domestic violence Domestic violence is a pattern of coercive behaviour, which includes physical, sexual, economic, emotional and/or psychological abuse, exerted by an intimate partner over another with the goal of establishing and maintaining power and control. 1.6.2 Mental health a state of mind characterized by emotional well-being, relative freedom from anxiety and disabling symptoms, and a capacity to establish constructive relationships and cope with the ordinary demands and stresses of life. Mental Health is the balance between all aspects of life social, physical, spiritual and emotional. It impacts on how we manage our surroundings and make choices in our lives clearly it is an integral part of our overall health. In this study, mental health refers to the score which the client gets from the SCL-90-R test. 1.6.3 Cognitive behaviour Therapy (CBT) A set of principles and procedures that assume that cognitive processes affect behaviour and conversely that behaviour affects cognitive processes. It emphasizes a here-and-now process without emphasizing causation. (D.Meichenbaum) .A treatment approach that helps clients examines and changes the relationship consequences, thoughts, feelings, behaviours and resultant consequences. It incorporates a number of diverse intervention (for example, cognitive restructuring procedures, problem solving, coping skills interventions, stress inoculation training, and self instructional training. 1.6.4 Feminist Therapy A philosophical and practical approach with certain assumptions; for example, strategies are needed, and therapists must be aware of personal, gender-biased value system in relation to appropriate behaviour. Feminist therapists promote se4lf-awareness, self-affirmation, and personal integration, outcomes that may conflict with the societal norms that were the original source of dysfunctional behaviour patterns of women.

Functions Of Management Essay -- Business Management

There may be many ways for an organization to become successful but the key to success is not the system of the firm but the character and skills of the individual manager (Maister, 2002). Maister further stated that the character and skill of individual managers who "practice what they preach" and recognize the manager's role in training employees are what's really significant. Management is necessary for a business to function, yet when exploring the role of the manager, it becomes rather complex. Managers must be resourceful; they are individuals who wear many hats. The job of every manager involves what is known as the functions of management. Richard Daft definition of management is "the attainment of organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner through the employment of the four management functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling organizational resources" (2005). Daft adds that these functions are goal-directed, interrelated and interdependent. The first of these functions, planning, involves creating a systematic process for achieving the goals of the firm. It prepares the organization for the future. Planning can take many forms and a variety of methods may be employed. Creativity and communication becomes very important in the function of planning. For example, during my employment with a tax service, in planning a marketing campaign several people had to be contacted. Communication was initiated in different forms such as e-mail, telephone, written memorandums and creative jingles. Today managers make use of planning through software and technological items such as blackberries in order to be well prepared during the planning process. Planning can also be seen as a way of control. ... ... needed (2005). Managers also play an important role is advancing these goals. Rather than just manipulating things and people to achieve goals, managers must advance overall organizational goals through the use of information systems. Technology is one element that is helping managers take control. The use of the internet and other technology has enabled them to keep tabs on performance without maintaining daily authoritarian control over employees (Daft, 2005). In Maister's book, "Practice What You Preach", he list nine statements as the most important truths for employees and profitability. The performance from company to company, despite the country, the size of the practice and the line of business, the four functions of management I found to be equally significant in his nine truths. Works Cited Maister, D.H. (2001), "Practice What You Preach"

Pentecostal Movement Its Impact Among the Dalits and Tribal in India Essay

I. Introduction The prime focus of this paper is to explore the modern Pentecostal or charismatic movement and its impacts among the Dalits and the tribal in India. In this paper the presenter will also try to bring out a brief origins and historical development of Pentecostalism, in order to understand the movement and its impact on the Dalits and the tribal in India. 1. Etymology of the term Pentecostal The term Pentecostal is derived from the Greek word pentekostà © which literally means ‘fifty’. It is the Greek name for the Jewish festival known as the ‘Feast of Weeks’ in the Old Testament, which celebrates the fiftieth day after Passover observances. The New Testament used the term to refer to the established Jewish feast. However, since the gift of the Holy Spirit descended upon the disciples on the day of Pentecost (Acts 2), Christians reinterpreted the meaning of it in terms of this event. One of the features of the Pentecostals is the doctrine of baptism in the Holy Spirit with the evidence of speaking in tongues. 2. Who are the Dalits? Dalit is a designation for a group of people traditionally regarded as untouchable. Dalits are a mixed population, consisting of numerous social groups from all over India; they speak a variety of languages and practice a multitude of religions. There are many different names proposed for defining this group of people, including Panchamas (â€Å"fifth varna†), and Asprushya (â€Å"untouchables†). Dalits are outcastes falling outside the traditional four-fold caste system consisting of the hereditary Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra classes; they are considered impure and polluted and are therefore physically and socially excluded and isolated from the rest of society. 3. Who are the Tribal? All over India tribal are generally known by the word Adivasi, Pazhanguli, etc., literally meaning indigenous people or original inhabitants of India. It is believed that the prehistoric India was inhabited first by the Negritos, later added to by the Australoids and then by the Dravidians and  the Mongoloids. The first of the above four, viz., the Negritos, entered India as early as the 4th millennium B.C. 1. The Negritos, still exist in Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andaman and Nicobar, 2. Australoids represented by the linguistically Austro-Asiatic Kolarian speaking, viz. Mundas and Kharais and Santals, and the Indo Aryan speaking non-Aryan Bhil family, 3. Mongoloids of the Sino Tibetan language family of the whole of north-eastern India, and 4. The Dravidians are the Dravidi speaking race represented now in the entire southern India population and in Madhya Pradesh by the large tribes of Gonds and Khonds, the Kuis in Orissa and the Oraon and Maler in Bihar. Almost the entire tribal po pulation of India is non-Aryan by race and religion. 4. Origin of Pentecostalism The modern Pentecostalism movement was started by a charismatic revival as early as 1901 in Topeka, Kansa. However, April 1906 is generally credited as the beginning date for the modern Pentecostal Movement. On that date at the Azusa Street in Los Angeles, there occurred an outbreak of speaking in tongues. Charles Fox Parham and William J. Seymour, a white and a black respectively were monumental figures in Pentecostalism around whom the Azusa Street revival evolved. Parham and Seymour developed the doctrine that speaking in tongues was the evidence of the baptism in the Spirit. Most of the scholars credited Charles Fox Parham as the founder of the Pentecostal Movement, the founder of the Bethel Bible College at Topeka in Kansas City. He encouraged his students to discover the biblical teachings on baptism of the Holy Spirit and the exercise of the spiritual gifts. On January 1, 1901, Miss. Agnes Ozman requested Pastor Parham to lay hands on her and pray for her and after the prayer she spoke in a Chinese language. The Pentecostal fire experienced by Agnes Ozman and other students at Charles Parhamn’s Bethel Bible College at Topeka, Kansa was just the beginning of a worldwide movement that spread like wild fire. Although there were some contemporary revivals of a similar nature taking place in other countries, most of the world-wide spread of Pentecostalism can be traced directly or indirectly to Asuza Street. After the Azusa Street revival on April 1906, â€Å"Azusa Street soon became the ‘Mecca’ for thousands of visitors around the world.† The people who visited this place went back to their homelands spread this new  experience and spread the Pentecostalism to other parts of the world and formed Pentecostal churches. From the Azusa Street revival in Los Angeles, Pentecostalism spread rapidly around the world and began its advance toward becoming a major force in Christendom. 5. Pentecostalism Movement in India We have observed the modern Pentecostal movement in the 20th century that sparked out of the revivals that took place at Azusa Street, Los Angeles, which spread rapidly to the ends of the earth. Most of the scholars traced back the origin of Pentecostalism to the Azusa Street revival in 1906. However, it is not yet firmly established as to when the Pentecostalism started in India because prior to the coming of Pentecostal missionaries in the 20th century there were Pentecostal like events in the history of Christianity in India. According to Gary McGee, the eminent historian of Assemblies of God, Pentecostalism had already established itself in India long before word of Azusa reached the subcontinent. He validated by showing the documentary evidence that Pentecost, with all the associated phenomena, came to Tirunelveli and Travancore (South India) long before the Azusa revival. The powerful revival was witnessed in the second half of the 19th century in the following years first in 1 860, second in 1873 and third in 1895. People experienced the outpouring of the Holy Spirit and speaking in tongues in all these revivals though the recipients did not know that they were experiencing Pentecostal power as taught in the book of Acts. Another incident was witnessed in 1906 at Pandita Ramabai’s Mukti Mission in Maharashtra, in which young women baptized by the Spirit had seen visions, fallen into trances and spoken in tongues, began before the Azusa Street revival, there is no indication that this was precipitated by events in Los Angeles. According to various authorities as stated by Roger E. Hedlund, Pentecostalism in India has its roots in Maharashtra at the Ramabai Mukti Mission. The Mukti Mission revival was understood by Ramabai herself to be the means by which the Holy Spirit was creating an independent Indian Christianity. However this does not mean that the Azusa revival had no impact on Indian Pentecostalism. The Western missionaries who are the products of the Azusa revival came to India and spread the Pentecostal message to certain parts of India and gave birth to the classical  Pentecostalism in India. The first Pentecostal missionary who came to India in 1907 at Calcutta was A.G Gar who repre sents Azusa Street. There were also other missionaries likes Thomas Barrett, George Berg, Robert F. Cook and Mrs. Mary Chapman who was the first Assemblies Missionary to India who came to Madras (Chennai) in 1915. 6. History of Dalits in the Pentecostal Church In India Christianity has been in existence two thousand years in the south-western and South-eastern corner of India. However, Pentecostalism in India began only at the dawn of the 20th century. George Berg, an American Pentecostal missionary of German descent, was the first to introduced modern Pentecostal movement in Kerala in 1909. George Berg brought number of other Pentecostal missionaries in Kerala he brought Robert Cook in the year 1914, Mary Chapman in 1916, John Burgess in 1926, and Miss Mildred C. Ginn in 1930. Among all these missionaries, Robert Cook was known as the Missionary to Dalits because his main concentration was among the Dalits. From the very inception of the Pentecostal church in the central Kerala both the communities of Syrian and Dalits were attracted and they co-existed together in the church. At the beginning the Syrian Christians has no problem in identifying with the Dalit Pentecostals because they are also from the very low socio-economic background. Dalits on the other hand wanted to escape from caste discrimination, and continues search for liberation from all aspects of life, joined the Pentecostal movement which appeared to them non-structured, non-liturgical emotional Christian movement in the beginning. However, from the third decade of the century denominationalism came out among the Pentecostals and the peaceful co-existence began to change. The number of the Syrian Christians started to denied the rights and privileges of the Dalits especially in church administration and leadership. They were also discriminated by the uppercaste Christian within the churches because of their economical and social status. Thus Dalits felt alienated in the Church. This development has cause caste division between the Syrians and the Dalits Christians within the Pentecostal churches. As a result there was a split between the Syrian and the Dalits in 1930 under the leadership of Robert F. Cook and K.E. Abraham respectively. 7. Reasons for Dalits Embracing Pentecostalism On the basis of being labelled ‘Untouchables’ or ‘Outcasts’, Dalits have suffered extreme forms of disadvantage and oppression for centuries. They were in continuous search for their liberation from all aspects of life and their identity. It was in the 20th century the modern Pentecostal movement with its message of oneness, equality, fellowship, dignity for all races and castes and other several related subjects reached India. The Dalits found the movement appealing to their aspirations in life and began responding to the movement. One of the reasons for Dalits embracing the Pentecostal movement is that they saw several factors common to their pre-Christian culture and lifestyle, which facilitated their entry into the movement. They were able to see some continuity with many of their pre-Christian culture and practices. This aspect of continuity and discontinuity is not only among the Dalits but even among the tribal of Northeast India. Another main reason is the discrimination to the Dalits by the mainline churches basing on their caste origin. Though they became part of the church, they did not share equal status in the mainline Churches. This discrimination encouraged a better spiritual atmosphere where they can have better opportunities. There are many other reasons for Dalit inclination to the new faith, the above given are just some of the basic reasons for better understanding of the topic. 8. Tribal and the Pentecostal Movement It was only in the later part of 18th century Northeastern region came under the influence of the gospel which has brought a tremendous transformation in the region. One of the greatest transformations is stopping the barbaric practice of head hunting especially among the Mizos and the Nagas. When Christianity came in the region Khasis tribe was the first to embraced Christianity among the tribal. According to Dr. J. Edwin Orr, the first revival experienced took place in the Khasi Hills in the 1903. From Khasi Hills the wave of revival spread to other regions in the North East. In the year 1905 the church Mawphlang in Khasi Hills of central Assam, people experienced an unusual fervour manifested by intense prayer, weeping, praise, confession of sin, prophecies, dancing etc. Similar things was happened at Pariong, Nowgong, North Lakhimpur, Golaghat, Sibsagor, Naga  Hills and several other places. The tribal people of North East India has felt the impact of Pentecostal or charismatic movement during the 20th century. This movement has both positive and negative impacts. In Meghalaya the Pentecostal movement has brought change and new congregational life. This movement give the church a missionary zeal, a new vision for missionary outreach resulting in new churches and outreach into six other states as well as outside India. Leadership development and outreach continued to extend among the Garos and into Haryana, Punjab and Mumbai. However, this movement also brought division which led to the formation of new denominations. In Mizoram the Pentecostal movement has greatly impacted on the development of leadership and the formation of mission societies among the Baptist and the Presbyterian churches, which also led to the emergence of a large number of indigenous Christian movements. Today Mizoram is the main centre for the rise of independent Pentecostal charismatic groups in North East India. In the late 1950s out of much suffering and adverse political circumstances till the early 1980s, there was a revival which swap across Nagaland thousands of people turn to Christ as Lord and Saviour. The zeal for the Lord and missions grew among the people which remain through this day. Today over whelming majority of Nagas are Christians consisting of all denominations. The main independent model, growing out of the revival movement is the Nagaland Christian Revival Church founded in 1962. In Manipur United Pentecostal C hurch was introduced in 1953 as the result of Pentecostal movement. Assam and Arunachal Pradesh are recently growing. As result of revival movement in Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram, major Pentecostal denominations include the Assemblies of God and the United Pentecostal Church are said to be increasing, apart from the indigenous Christian groups. Today in North-eastern part of India we have several Pentecostal or charismatic Churches who are characterized by speaking in tongues, prophesying, healing, and other spiritual gifts. 9. The Impact of Modern Pentecostal/charismatic Movement The Pentecostal message of oneness and equality has attracted many followers especially people from the marginalised group. The Dalits and the tribal in their long search for justice, equality, freedom and status in the society found the Pentecostal movement appealing to them and they responded to it. This Pentecostal or charismatic movement has made a great impact and spread across various denominations in India. 9.1. Social Impact: The Pentecostal movement has brought a great transformation in the lives of the individuals and families in the communities not only spiritually but socio-economically as well. The Pentecostal teaching of oneness in the body of Christ made the untouchables become the children of the Kingdom of God. To some extend this teaching has alleviated caste discrimination. Social evils like alcoholism, slavery, casteism were not tolerated in the church. Pentecostal movement has awakened the self among the Dalits and the tribal which shook the very foundations of the caste-based social structure especially in Kerala. They began to gain self-respect, identity and dignity. This movement also has largely influence some of the largest Pentecostal churches in Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata and Mumbai to actively engaged in various social programs for the benefits of the poor and the Marginalized. In Madhya Pradesh the Indigenous Pentecostal-Charismatic mission agencies like Blessing Youth Mission, India Evangelical Team, Native Missionary Movement, along with others are engaged in a number of translation, literacy, medical, evangelistic and community development projects as part of their ministry of social and spiritual service in this state. 9.2. Ecclesiastical Freedom: Pentecostal movement is mark by strong congregational ecclesiology. This movement gained a principle of ecclesiastical freedom, which maximizes the role of the local congregational. A movement of the Spirit not controlled by ecclesiastical structures or hierarchy. Pentecostalism promotes corporate and individual discipline and spiritual autonomy among the Dalits and the tribal. As a result of this movement every members of the Dalits Pentecostal churches are allow to fully participate in all activities of the church like prayer, reflections, singing and decision making. Their participations are not based on physical qualifications but on the basis of their experience of the Holy Spirit in their lives. Dalits worship is the expression of real democracy and equality. There is no social discrimination among the worshippers they all come together as one family in Christ. In Dalit Pentecostalism salvation  is essentially the same for men and women. 9.3. Spirituality: The outpouring of the Holy Spirit, variously called revival, renewal, Pentecostal and charismatic movement, always produced a sense of sin and one’s unworthiness especially before God, a fresh realisation of sin forgiven, a fresh outburst of love for God and humanity, afresh burden to share God and his gospel to others, a new release of divine power manifested in prayers, praise, spiritual power encounters and healing. Pentecostal movement help the Dalits and the tribal to personally encounter with the Spirit of God and experienced its transformational power in their lives. 9.4. Emergence of Dalit Theology: According to V.V. Thomas, Pentecostalism has provided the Dalits with an experience of God in their everyday life. They experienced God through healing, financial blessings etc. They do not have any carefully written dogmas and theology but they narrate their experiences of God which give them a lot of satisfaction. In Dalit Pentecostal church they testify, pray spontaneously, and preach without written manuscripts but with a lot of theology in it which relates their everyday lives of the people, struggles, agonies, and burdens. It is said that some of the best preachers in the Pentecostal Movement in Kerala have come from the Dalit background. The Dalits Pentecostal formulated their theology through narrative form. The Dalits prefer a narrative expression of their theology and witness. 9.5. Mission: One of the greatest impacts of early Pentecostal revivals in India, as in most parts of the globe, was its missionary passion. The Pentecostal spirit took its people beyond their boundaries. The missionary waves from various revivals like Mukti, Kerala, and, others impelled the people to be witnesses of the Pentecostal message in many parts of India. Pentecostal has influence the Dalits in the area of mission, one of the chief reasons for Pentecostal growth is its strong emphasis on mission and evangelism. Even in tribal region in Northeast the charismatic movement has resulted in remarkable church growth in many places. Part of the Pentecostal expansion in Kerala is due to outreach ministries to tribal and other  deprived population. Pentecostals have established many churches among hill tribes and estate labourers in remote areas where they have found abundant response. In South Indian Pentecostals became involved in educational and community development programmes along with the expansion of evangelistic and church-planting activities. The missionaries from south India play a vital role in making Pentecostalism a movement in Rajasthan which became a predominantly tribal religion in the state as more tribal people became involved in the movement. 10. Evaluation Pentecostalism has been described as one of the fastest growing global religion of the 20th century. Indian Pentecostals understand the manifestations of the Holy Spirit as a transforming and an empowering experience. Being filled with the Holy Spirit enables people to do extraordinary things otherwise impossible. Pentecostals believe that living in the life of the Spirit can lead to deliverances from all types of oppressions even physical healing. The Holy Spirit is seen as encompassing all of life’s experiences and afflictions. Through Pentecostalism Dalits expressed their opposition to the caste system in Hinduism as well as to the caste based hierarchy of the Church. This is one reason I find that people of different faith traditions to join in the Pentecostal movement on a basis of millennial equality because they just wanted to become people with full dignity before God. Pentecostal therefore became a sanctuary for people who were seeking better social status. Dalits and tribal has a long history on struggle for freedom from various domains. They go through discrimination, inequality, injustice and oppression from the high caste and also from within the church. It was in this context the modern Pentecostal movement message of oneness, equality, dignity regardless of castes and races reached India. The Dalits whose situations are worse than the tribal found this movement appealing to their aspiration in life began to respond to the movement. By 20th century the Dalit actively take part in the Pentecostal movement which has its great impact upon them. This movement has arose the self-awareness within the community and they became conscious of their social identity and they responded to the movement. The Dalit-led congregations tend to emphasize emotionalism, spontaneity, and the  priesthood of all believers, and to conceive salvation in collective terms and as the overcoming of worldly oppression. The Dalits and tribal are the weaker ones in the society and in many ways they have been subjugated and discriminated by the high caste people and their history of struggle still continue. However, the tribal have better status and position than Dalits in the society. Dalits embraced Pentecostal movement mostly with the hope of physical aspect of liberation, whereas, the tribal mostly on the aspect of spiritual liberation. Though Pentecostal movement has made a great contribution towards the Dalits and tribal Pentecostal, ther e are also some areas where this movement has its negative impacts upon the Dalits and tribal. Especially in tribal region in the North east the coming of the Pentecostal movement has divided the church into denominations which has become one of the biggest hindrances to the non-Christians to accept Christ. In the present generation many of the charismatic churches has lots of nominalism. There are instances where their charismatic activity has become a hindrance to others because there are some people who pretend to speak tongues and prophesies which is not from the Spirit but from their own heart. These things are creating confusions and doubts in the working of the Holy Spirit. There are also some people who carry two different personalities in them, inside the church they are different person and outside the church another different person. When we reflect to the beginning of the Pentecostal movement, the early believers received the gifts of the Holy Spirit and they were moved by the Spirit. But today speaking of tongue, using of symbols like â€Å"Hallelujah† or â€Å"Praise the Lord† are becoming a mere traditional in the charismatic churches. These are some of the negative impacts rising in the charismatic churches which are dangerous for our churches. Pentecostal churches needs to be biblically grounded and go back to the earlier emphasis on purity of life and transparency in one’s relationship with God and with one another. The central focus should be on God and not in any other else. II. Conclusion Revival in the Christian community has paved way for the emergence of Pentecostal movement in India. This movement has a great impact to the Dalits and the Tribal. However, as to my observation very few documentation  or research work has been done on the Pentecostal movement in India. In fact among the tribal we hardly have any research works on Pentecostalism especially in North East India. Therefore, with the limited source the presenter has tried to bring to our understanding of modern Pentecostal movement and its impact among the Dalits and the Tribal of India in this paper. To sum up the paper Pentecostal movement aims to achieve human dignity, respect, equality, and for more freedom both in social and spiritual aspects. In spite of the progress and the changes resulted by the Pentecostal movement, the Dalits and the tribal struggle and quest for further freedom still continue in India. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. The terms â€Å"Pentecostal† and â€Å"Charismatic† are used interchangeably with the same meaning. [ 2 ]. J.C. Rylaarsdam, ‘Pentecost’ in The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible: An Illustrated Encyclopedia. Edited by. George Arthur Buttrick, et.al. (New York, Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1962), 727. [ 3 ]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalit, accessed on 01/07/2013. [ 4 ]. http://www.ncdhr.org.in/ncdhr/general-info-misc-pages/wadwiu, accessed on 22/07/2013. [ 5 ]. Ebe Sunder Raj, Conversion- A National Debate (Horizon Printers and Publishers: Delhi, 2004), 127. [ 6 ]. Ebe Sunder Raj, Conversion- A National Debate, 75. [ 7 ]. V.V. Thomas, Pentecostalism in the Post Modern Era: Potentials/Possibilities, Problems and Challenges. Paper presentation as part of the requirement for promotion to full Professorship (Pune: Union Biblical Seminary, 2013), Unpublished Material, 3. [ 8 ]. http://www.yoyomaster.com/ministry.file/Pentecostalism.pdf, accessed on 23/07/2013. [ 9 ]. Cheryl Bridges Johns, Pentecostal Formation: A Pedagogy Among the Oppressed (Sheffield: Sheffeild Academic Press, 1998), 37. [ 10 ]. Nancy A. Hardesty, Faith Cure: Divine Healing in the holiness and Pentecostal Movement (Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, Inc., 2003), 103. [ 11 ]. A.C. George, Trailblazers for God: A History of the Assemblies of God of India (Bangalore: SABC Publications, 2004), 29. [ 12 ]. ‘The Pentecostal and Charismatic Movement’, by. Robert J. Koester, in http://www.wlsessays.net/files/KoesterPentecostal.pdf. Accessed on 23/07/2013. [ 13 ]. V.V. Thomas, Dalit Pentecostalism: Spirituality of the Empowered Poor (Bangalore: Asian Trading Corporation, 2008), 56. [ 14 ]. Roger E. Hedlund, eds. Missiology for the 21st Century: South Asian Perspectives (Delhi: ISPCK/MIIS, 2004), 138. [ 15 ]. Roger E. Hedlund eds. Missiology for the 21st Century: South Asian Perspectives, 208. [ 16 ]. A.C. George, Trailblazers for God: A History of the Assemblies of God of India, 29. [ 17 ]. A.C. George, Trailblazers for God: A History of the Assemblies of God of India, 30. [ 18 ]. A.C. George, Trailblazers for God: A History of the Assemblies of God of India, 34. [ 19 ]. Allan Anderson, eds. Asian and Pentecostal: The Charismatic Face of Christianity in Asia (Philippines: Regnun Books International, 2005), 215. [ 20 ]. V.V. Thomas, Pentecostalism in the Post Modern Era: Potent ials/Possibilities, Problems and Challenges, 4. [ 21 ]. A.C. George, Trailblazers for God: A History of the Assemblies of God of India, 25. [ 22 ]. V.V. Thomas, Dalit Pentecostalism: Spirituality of the Empowered, 5. [ 23 ]. T. S. Samuel Kutty, The Place and contribution of Dalits in Selected Pentecostal Churches in Central Kerala from 1922-1972 (Delhi: ISPCK, 2000), 1. [ 24 ]. T. S. Samuel Kutty, The Place and contribution of Dalits in Selected Pentecostal Churches in Central Kerala from 1922-1972, 1-2. [ 25 ]. T. S. Samuel Kutty, The Place and contribution of Dalits in Selected Pentecostal Churches in Central Kerala from 1922-1972, 2. [ 26 ]. T. S. Samuel Kutty, The Place and contribution of Dalits in Selected Pentecostal Churches in Central Kerala from 1922-1972, 2. [ 27 ]. V.V. Thomas, Dalit Pentecostalism: Spirituality of the Empowered Poor, 133. [ 28 ]. V.V. Thomas, Dalit Pentecostalism: Spirituality of the Empowered Poor, 2-3. [ 29 ]. V.V. Thomas, Dalit Pentecostalism: Spirit uality of the Empowered Poor, 11. [ 30 ]. Geomon K. George, Religious Pluralism: Challenges for Pentecostalism in India (Bangalore: Centre for Contemporary Christianity, 2006), 170. [ 31 ]. A.C. George, Trailblazers for God: A History of the Assemblies of God of India, 155. [ 32 ]. F. Hrangkhuma & Joy Thomas, eds. Christ Among the Tribals (Bangalore: FOIM, 2007), 15. [ 33 ]. A.C. George, Trailblazers for God: A History of the Assemblies of God of India, 155. [ 34 ]. Allan Anderson, eds. Asian and Pentecostal: The Charismatic Face of Christianity in Asia, 234. [ 35 ]. Allan Anderson, eds. Asian and Pentecostal: The Charismatic Face of Christianity in Asia, 235. [ 36 ]. Documentary of History & Background of the Nagaland Baptist Church Council, NBCC. Produced by. NBCC during Platinium 1937-2012. [ 37 ]. Allan Anderson, eds. Asian and Pentecostal: The Charismatic Face of Christianity in Asia, 237. [ 38 ]. Allan Anderson, eds. Asian and Pentecostal: The Charismatic Face of Christianity in Asia, 237. [ 39 ]. Roger E. Hedlund, ed. Christianity is Indian: The Emergence of an Indigenous Community (Delhi: ISPCK, 2000), 379. [ 40 ]. V.V. Thomas, Dalit Pentecostalism: Spirituality of the Empowered Poor, 116. [ 41 ]. Roger E. Hedlund eds. Missiology for the 21st Century: South Asian Perspectives, 138. [ 42 ]. Allan Anderson, eds. Asian and Pentecostal: The Charismatic Face of Christianity in Asia, 229. [ 43 ]. ‘Critique of Pentecostal mission by a friendly evangelical’ by Roger E, Hedlund, http://www.apts.edu/aeimages/File/AJPS_PDF/05-1-RHedlund.pdf, accessed on 14/ 08/2013. [ 44 ]. V.V. Thomas, Dalit Pentecostalism: Spirituality of the Empowered Poor, 376. [ 45 ]. V.V. Thomas, Dalit Pentecostalism: Spirituality of the Empowered Poor, 379. [ 46 ]. F Hrangkhuma, Future Challenges and Changes in Mission, in UBS Journal. Vol.2. No.2. September 2004. P. 59. [ 47 ]. V.V. Thomas, Dalit Pentecostalism: Spirituality of the Empowered Poor, 378. [ 48 ]. V.V. Thomas, Dalit Pentecostalism: Spirituality of the Empowered Poor, 375. [ 49 ]. http://www.apts.edu/aeimages//File/AJPS_PDF/09_-_2_Wessly_Lukose.pdf, accessed on 14/08/2013. [ 50 ]. A.C. George, Trailblazers for God: A History of the Assemblies of God of India, 153. [ 51 ]. Roger E. Hedlund, Quest for Identity, India’s Churches of Indigenous Origin: The Little Tradition in India Christianity (MIIS/ISPCK: Delhi, 2000), 82. [ 52 ]. http://www.apts.edu/aeimages//File/AJPS_PDF/09_-_2_Wessly_Lukose.pdf, accessed on 15/08/2013.

Teaching Essay

1.1 How teaching assistant can support the teacher in planning, teaching and evaluation of learning activities. Prior to the lesson I requested a copy of the teachers’ plans and after discussions we were able to agree using a variety of lesson plans, teaching methods, and implement targets to provide the most effective support to pupils and their needs, this gave me a clearer understanding of the learning that was going to take place and allow me time to familiarising myself with the subject matter, learning objectives and outcomes, this would also assist me to prepare any resources required for the planned lesson ahead. After agreeing the objectives of the lesson ‘Drip Drop’, were to explore some of the properties of water, to explore absorbent and non-absorbent materials and to find out how water drops behave on different surfaces. By asking for copies of the teacher’s long, medium, short-term planning, this helped me to provide extra support in the classroom by developing my understanding of the weeks and daily planning process and to set learning objectives, preparing, assessing and recording pupils’ participation and progression allow the teacher to see how effective my teaching is and whether the pupils are making progress in their learning. The role of the teacher is to supply a safe and supervised classroom for the pupils to learn in, encourage pupil learning by planning, preparing and delivering lessons in relation to the National Curriculum and meet school target whilst maintain its policies. The teacher assesses records and report on pupil’s progress and achievements and liaise with parents, sometimes attending meetings or responsible for literacy or science. Preparing the classroom for the lesson, checking the correct materials available to carry out the activity helps the teacher. Observation and monitoring of pupils work during the task helps me to make assessments to see if the learning has been successful and give feedback to the pupil and teacher on individuals performance or responses, if they have any problems, by doing this it helps me to make well-informed judgements about a pupils learning and progress and make any changes necessary to the activity. 1.2 Information the teaching assistant would require before supporting learning activities From the daily lesson plan I am able to identify the materials required for the lesson to complete the task. After reading the pupil’s records and initial assessment a decision was made to put the more experienced pupils with the ones who were not as confident to enable them to assist, encourage, help and work together to complete the task successfully. A class discussion was held to see if the pupils could think of the materials which would be required to complete the task I then wrote the answers on the whiteboard. The materials were absorbent and non-absorbent materials like plastic, paper and cardboard etc and things with which to make water drops for example, straws, plastic pipettes, and clean eye droppers, as water was going to be used a non toxic coloured paint was required to put in the water to make it easier to see, because I used the last of the cardboard I wrote this down on the reorder list. I emphasised everyone needed to act sensibly because sharp items were going to be used. I showed the class how to make drops with the different kinds of objects and gave them time to practice making water drops and try to make drops of different sizes. When they had mastered this I asked the pupils to drip onto samples of different materials. I asked them to see what happened when two, or more, drops meet, on a hard and non-absorbent surface. Later I separate the pupils into pairs and asked them: Can they race their drop with a friend? 1.3 The sorts of problems that may occur when supporting learning activities Informing the teacher before removing unwanted chairs made sure there was sufficient space for the pupils and equipment to work safely prior to the learning activity and by placing four pupils on each table gave better access to the water tubs and avoiding pupils pushing each other. The pipettes and resources were placed safely in the middle of each table. Before the lesson it was explained to suck the water up the straw was dangerous and requested the pupils to just dip the straw in the water, I asked if they knew why and explained about choking and emphasised about being sensible, the pupils’ then put on their aprons to protect their clothing. The pupils who found listening difficult, I put the questions onto laminated cards for easy reference explaining that I was going to ask those questions about the information later. I also wrote down the key questions on the whiteboard. Can you make different size drop? What happens to the drops when you drip them onto different surfaces? Can you make two drops join? What Happens? Whilst monitoring I removed a pupil from the activity for putting the pipette in his ear. The child was placed away from the activity, asking the pupil if he understood why he had been separated it was explained if he wanted to rejoin the activity he would need to act sensibly, after 10 minutes the pupil calmed down, and was asked to rejoined the group, giving the pupil encouragement and praise for better behaviour enabled the pupil to complete the task successfully. When the activity had finished I discussed with the pupil his behaviour and found he was upset because his hamster had died, I later discussed this with the teacher. After shutting the windows I relocated a pupil to a quieter part of the classroom as the noise of grass cutting was causing a distraction. The hot weather made the room too warm, two pupils started to flick each other with water I opened the classroom door to reduce the temperature and with a direct look and raised eyebrow showed displeasure at the pupils then separated them. Noticing one of the cheerful pupils was rather withdrawn and after talking they revealed that their Nan had died that morning I reassured the pupil and asked if they would like to read a poem about water, I then informed the teacher. Encouragement by praising their progress was given to the pupils with low confidence and pupils who finished their task early were asked to write a poem about their observations or about the drop race. After the activity was complete we had a class discussion asking pupils, how do you think it went? What would you do differently? I then asked the pupils to write down their observations in their books with correct date. 1.4 Strategies a teaching assistant may use to support pupils learning By using questions ‘What we think will happen’?, and writing down all the key points this confirmed the pupils understood the instructions prior to the activity and helped the class know what was expected of them. Placing the low confident pupils at the front of the class and rephrasing questions enabled them to understand the instructions more clearly. After discussion with another teaching assistant it was decided to enlarge the worksheet to A3 size to make it easier for the pupils who were struggling, encouraging them to write down their ideas then stick them onto the worksheet later and giving praise when the task was completed. Separating pupils into groups allowed the development of peer support activities and cooperative learning, allowing the pupils to benefit by learning and supporting each other. The pupils with confidence worked on their own initiative were able to write their own ideas directly onto the worksheet. Bandura, Skinner, Piaget and Vygotsky discuss that cognitive development occurs at an individual rate and cultures teaches a person what to think as well as how to think. I agree that children are not just passive discovers, they are constantly trying to make sense of the information they see, hear, feel and discover enabling some children to develop quicker than others. At the end of the activity reward stickers were given for using the correctly vocabulary in their poems and a discussion was held by using open-ended questions of (how, what, why?) this provided me with more information to enable me to assess the pupils’ learning and understanding and provide me with the information required to feedback later to the teacher 1.5 Providing feedback on learning activities to the teacher Both during and after supporting the learning activity, I recorded the pupils’ participation and progression and met later with the teacher, to give feedback regarding the issues encountered during the activity, I discussed the pupil who’s relative died and about the pupil behaving inappropriately during the session and being separated from the group. I informed the teacher why the worksheet was enlarged and why the laminated card was useful. I also explained I gave out some stickers for correct spelling and punctuation.

new england vs chesapeake essays

new england vs chesapeake essays On a warm early September night, all seventeen of us girls on the Eisenhower Dance Team sat anticipating our first football game of the 2003 season. Though so many emotions were felt that night, excitement would overcome us all. Since the Dance Team the year before had been known for their amazing talent, we knew there would be expectations to live up to. Everyone met in the cafeteria, like we usually did for practices. Dressed in out black and purple skirts and shell uniforms, makeup on, and hair tied back; everyone was ready to go. Since near half of the team was made of new members, this whole experience was a first for most of us. Soon enough we were getting our selves together and heading off to the field. After carrying the benchers to the track, we began to dance sidelines. While dancing, for a straight half-hour, the stands had become packed to the complete maximum. It was a full house that night. Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to the first Eisenhower home game of the 2003 season was heard over the speakers. It was time for the game to begin. Soon after the players lined up on the field the kickoff took place. Even though the game was slightly boring, the first half seemed to go by quicker than expected. No one on the dance team was much of a football wiz, but it was clear that this was going to be a sweet victory. Just as fast as the first quarter had past, the second quarter was passing too. With five minutes left before half time, we went on the track to stretch and for on e last quick marking of the dance. While stretching on the track that night, all I could do was worry. What if I messed up? What if I blanked and forgot the dance? What if I slipped and fell? Thoughts all alike flooded my head. With one last touchdo ...

How Smoke Machines Work - All Kinds

How Smoke Machines Work - All Kinds Smoke, fog, haze, and mist machines create some exciting special effects. Have you ever wondered what makes the smoke? Have you ever wanted to create the effect yourself? If so, you are in luck, as we will reveal these mysteries. However, we will warn you that a little knowledge is a dangerous thing! If used incorrectly, the equipment and chemicals used to generate simulated smoke can be dangerous (toxic, burn hazard, asphyxiation hazard, fire hazard, etc.). Also, all types of smoke generators will trigger smoke alarms. Im telling you how the effects are created, not advising you to make your own smoke. If you are a serious do-it-yourself type, read the article and then please follow the links I have provided to the right of this article, which include specific instructions and warnings from professionals and experienced amateurs.   Dry Ice and Water Make Smoke (Fog Really) Aside from using a smoke machine, this method is the simplest for most people, both in practice and obtaining materials. Dry ice is solid carbon dioxide. You can make a dense fog by adding dry ice to hot water or steam. The carbon dioxide is vaporized, making a fog, and the rapid cooling of the surrounding air condenses water vapor in the air, adding to the effect. Important Points Dry ice fog sinks to the floor.Water temperature affects the characteristics of the fog. Hotter water or steam vaporizes the carbon dioxide more quickly, yielding lots of fog and using up the dry ice more quickly, too. If fresh hot water or steam isnt added, the remaining water will cool quickly.An easy smoke machine can be made using a styrofoam cooler. Simply add hot water and dry ice. Machines that use dry ice work by continually heating water, to keep the fog flowing. Simple machines are also available to make dry ice or to solidify air.Dry ice is cold enough to cause frostbite - use protective gloves when handling it.Remember that use of dry ice increases the level of carbon dioxide in the air where it is used. This can present a respiratory hazard low to ground (or downstairs, if applicable), in enclosed spaces, or with large quantities of dry ice. Liquid Nitrogen Makes Real Water  Fog One of the big advantages of liquid nitrogen is that nothing extra is needed to produce fog.  Liquid nitrogen works  by evaporating and by cooling the air, causing water to condense. Nitrogen is the primary component of air and is non-toxic. Important Points Nitrogen fog  sinks to the ground.Smoke can be made by either letting the nitrogen off-gas naturally or by using a fan to blow the smoke where it is wanted.Liquid nitrogen  presents a serious hazard to the user.  Although dry ice  can give you frostbite, liquid nitrogen is cold enough to cause considerable tissue damage and death. Do not use nitrogen unless you have had the  proper cryogenics training. Never use liquid nitrogen in a situation where other people can access the nitrogen source.As the nitrogen concentration increases, the oxygen concentration in a room decreases, presenting a potential asphyxiation hazard. Atomized Glycol Smoke Machines Most smoke machines use water with a glycol mixture to produce special effects.  Many commercial smoke machines use fog juice that consists of glycols, glycerine, and/or mineral oil, with varying amounts of distilled water. The glycols are heated and forced into the atmosphere under pressure to create a fog or haze. There are a variety of mixtures that may be used. See the reference bar to the right of this article for  Material Safety Data Sheets  on some example types. Some homemade recipes for fog juice are: 15%-35% food grade glycerine to 1 quart distilled water125 ml glycerine to 1 liter distilled water(glycerine creates a haze at concentrations of 15% or less and more of a fog or smoke at concentrations higher than 15%)Unscented mineral oil (baby oil), with or without water(we cant vouch for the safety of using mineral oil for fog juice)10% distilled water: 90% propylene glycol (dense fog)40% distilled water: 60% propylene glycol (quick dissipating)60% water: 40% propylene glycol (very quick dissipation)30% distilled water: 35% dipropylene glycol: 35% triethylene glycol (long-lasting fog)30% distilled water: 70% dipropylene glycol (dense fog) The resulting smoke should not smell burnt. If it does, likely causes are too high of an operating temperature or too much glycerine/glycol/mineral oil in the mixture. The lower the percentage of organic, the less expensive the fog juice, but the fog will be lighter and will not last as long. Distilled water is only necessary if a heat exchanger or other tubing is used in the system. Using a homemade fog mixture in a commercial machine will almost certainly void the warranty, possibly damage the machine, and possibly pose a fire and/or health hazard. Important Points This type of fog is heated and will rise or disperse at a higher level than dry ice or  liquid nitrogen fog. Coolers can be used if low-lying fog is desired. Changing the mixture or conditions of dispersion of atomized glycols can result in many special effects that are difficult to achieve with other simulated smokes.Glycols can undergo heat denaturation into highly toxic substances, such as formaldehyde. This is one of the major problems with homemade smoke machines - they may operate at a temperature that is incompatible with the substances being used. Also, this is a danger with homemade fog juice used in commercial machines.Glycols, glycerine, and mineral oil can all leave an oily residue, resulting in slick or sometimes slightly sticky surfaces. Be aware of the potential safety hazards, especially since the smoke may limit visibility. Also, some people may experience skin irritation from exposure to  glycol fog.Some glycols are toxic and should not be used to create smoke.  Ethylene glycol  is poisonous. Some glycols are sold as mixtures. Medical or pharmaceutical grade non-toxic glycols  only  should be used in smoke mach ines. Do  not  use antifreeze to make a fog mixture.  The ethylene glycol types  are poisonous and  the propylene glycol types  always contain undesirable impurities. If water is used, it needs to be distilled water, since hard water deposits can damage the atomizer apparatus.Some of the chemicals that can be used for this type of smoke are flammable. Real Water Vapor  Fog In some cases, this type of simulated smoke is created by finely dispersing hot water or steam. The effect is similar to what happens when water is poured on a hot rock in a sauna. In other cases,  water vapor machines  act by condensing water vapor out of the air, such as may be seen when a freezer door is opened. Many commercial smoke machines use water vapor in some fashion. Important Points This type of smoke is best generated  in a cool room.Water vapor is non-toxic.Hot vapor will float, so chillers may be employed when a ground effect is desired.A fogger essentially makes a cloud, so water condensation on objects is possible and may present a safety concern.Water vapor, like all simulated smokes, will set off a  smoke alarm.

Factory, Industry, and Plant

Factory, Industry, and Plant Factory, Industry, and Plant Factory, Industry, and Plant By Maeve Maddox An ESL speaker asks for a discussion of the nouns factory, industry, and plant in the context of the following: â€Å"mineral water factory,† â€Å"mineral water industry,† and â€Å"mineral water plant.† factory An earlier meaning of factory was â€Å"the employment, office, or position of a factor.† A factor, as in the word cornfactor, is â€Å"an agent who buys and sells, or transacts other business, on behalf of another person or company.† In the context of manufacturing, a factory is â€Å"a building or range of buildings for the manufacture or assembly of goods or for the processing of substances or materials.† The earliest OED citation of this meaning of factory (1618) refers to a facility for the printing and manufacture of books. industry The noun industry has several meanings. The relevant definition in this discussion is this one: A particular form or sector of productive work, trade, or manufacture. In later use also more generally: any commercial activity or enterprise. Also with modifying word indicating the type of activity or principal product: banking industry, car industry, film industry, heavy industry, service industry, tourist industry, etc. plant The noun plant has numerous meanings, but in the context of manufacturing, plant is often a synonym for factory: the premises, fittings, and equipment of a business; a factory, a place where an industrial process is carried out. In extended use: the workers employed at a business, institution, or factory. â€Å"A mineral water factory† can describe a place â€Å"for the processing of mineral water.† Perhaps more commonly, such a facility is called â€Å"a bottling plant.† The phrase â€Å"mineral water industry† connotes all the commercial activity that goes into the acquisition, preparation, and sale of mineral water. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Based in" and "based out of"How to Punctuate Descriptions of Colors75 Synonyms for â€Å"Hard†

Computer information Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Computer information - Term Paper Example hysical parts of a computer and the software which are the intangible parts of the computer also called programs that enable the user to use the computer. Computers have evolved over time in terms of size and processing capabilities. The modern computers are capable of handling complex operations at a faster rate as compared to the early computers (Rajmohan, 2006). The physical components of the computer also called the hardware parts comprise of all the tangible parts of the computer both internal and external. They include the central processing unit, the monitor, mouse, keyboard, printers and scanners. These devices help in the feeding of instructions to the computer and in producing output from the computer. The mouse is the basic input device for a computer. The printer and the monitor are the output devices of the computer and provide hardcopy and soft copy output (Rajmohan, 2006). Software refers to the intangible parts of a computer. They are programs that are used to run the computer. The computer cannot function without programs. There are two categories of software, the system software and the applications software. The system software is the set of programs on which other programs run on in the computer. These include the operating system software such as windows XP and windows seven. The applications software helps the user to use the computer in doing day to day tasks. These include Microsoft office suit and other tailor made software (Shearman, 2006). Computers have various uses depending on the environment in which they are used. Computers are used to carry out general office work that includes processing, storing and transfer of information. Computers are also used for entertainment purposes where they can play music, movies and many other media. They are used in monitoring weather patterns in weather stations. These are special purpose computers that are designed to monitor changes in weather patterns and report to the base station. Computers

We were soldiers - movie on leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

We were soldiers - movie on leadership - Essay Example Lt .Col Moore’s wife like her husband is also portrayed as a leader in the film. Julie Moore demonstrates to the viewers of her leadership capabilities when she decides to take the initiative of delivering telegrams to the families of soldiers. A good leader is one who is empathetic, respectful and understanding. Julie Moore gives a clear demonstration of these leadership skills. During the war, U.S soldiers died in the battle field (We Were Soldiers). The news of their death as depicted in the film was delivered through telegrams. In one of the scenes, cabs were hired to deliver the telegrams containing the sad news (We Were Soldiers). When she learns of this, she takes the initiative of having the telegrams delivered to her and she, in turn, delivers to each family. She is mindful of the family’s emotions and goes ahead to comfort them. Delivering the news personally shows that she takes care of people. Lt. Col.Moore is no doubt an entrepreneurial leader. He is entrepreneurial in the various ways. One of the ways is when he makes a speech in one of the scenes. In his speech, he was able to convince the soldiers to perceive their situation as he perceived it. He tells the soldiers that he cannot guarantee that they will not die, but he promises that they will all return home (We Were Soldiers). He also reminds the soldiers that they are at war to secure their families a better future. He instills hope in his soldiers. He sets the pace by telling them he will be there throughout the war.

Reflections on medievil and ancient texts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflections on medievil and ancient texts - Essay Example managed to draw on the generosity of the twin rivers Tigris and Euphrates, enabling them to come up with proper cultivation of the fertile land as well as systematic irrigation even during times of drought. Based on these accounts, it is not so much of a surprise that Gilgamesh, a great ruler in his own way, could lead such people who ought to earn recognition for a nearly remarkable living characterized primarily by their intelligent utilization of vast water sources besides literary inclinations and fascinating inventions of unique writing form, temples, cities, and academic institutions. Through extensive studies, archeological evidences do indicate that Sumerians possessed rich culture of literary scholars who had written epics, proverbs, poetry, history, and fables from which the prominent details of Gilgamesh is claimed to have concretized into an entity with flesh and form. In the combined endeavor of both the fields of history and literature. Gilgamesh is widely known as the king of Uruk who made possible the founding of the great city wall. Standing in the tangible realms of Mesopotamia, the six-mile wall in its wide presence across civilizations makes no unsolved mystery thou gh Gilgamesh, its acknowledged creator, is assumed a demigod. Analyzing such perspective with the aid of liberal approach used in current times, I think Gilgamesh may have existed in an ordinary human form or a human character whose interesting traits were more than adequate for a priest-king. For this ground, the Sumerians could have exaggerated more in their reverence and appreciation to the extent of treating Gilgamesh as a mythically constructed figure breathed into life by oral tradition. Accounting sufficiently for the Sumerian’s great city wall, by practical knowledge, we realize the fact that even if there were highly skilled workers who built the structure in all magnificence, it may not be denied that someone with genius potentials had facilitated them in the building

UCLA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

UCLA - Essay Example However, the magnitude of the compromised ethics on the situations differs from one segment to the other. Among the five segments the most ethically compromised situation is act two in which the two businesses talked about have a silent partner. One of the businesses, Chad’s business has Chad as a business partner. This results to unethical undertakings like placing his picture on the business and wearing t-shirts with his name and yet he is dead. The action sets superstition that causes it to be unethical thus influencing the running of the business. Unlike other situations where few individuals compromise ethics, in this segment all the individuals involved in the business compromise ethics. Everybody was wearing a shirt with Chad’s name; the activity of every person involved was shaped by Chad who died before the business started. This makes the segment ideal for explaining an ethically compromised situation. Family businesses are very different in characteristics when compared to other types of businesses. One of the characteristics that makes them unique is that they require succession after a certain period. The business is passed from an incumbent senior generation to a next generation of leadership or ownership (Ward 3). This provides a challenge and opportunities that are rare in other kinds of businesses. Another thing that makes family business rather unique is that unlike the public companies owned by investors who are the main shareholders, this business has an individual owner or a team of owners who are family members. According to Gersick (1), these owners play a very different role from that played by shareholders. They directly influence the running of the business and general performance of the employee of that business which is not the role of the shareholders in the public companies. Family ties prohibit a person from doing certain things to certain members of his family. Private enterprises

Ethnographic Perspectives on the Everyday Assignment

Ethnographic Perspectives on the Everyday - Assignment Example Effective communication can be lost as the worker tries to explain the problem and the manager is only hearing excuses as to why expectations cannot be met. Failures in communications can result in strained relationships between managers and workers as information is not given or processed correctly. The way in which workers and managers communicate with one another is often defined by the management style that a manager will adopt. The type of leadership that is established will have an effect on how a worker responds and is able to communicate to the manager. As well, the way in which an individual has experienced speaking with leadership will also have an effect on how they can communicate to a manager. Communications styles develop long before an individual enters the workforce, but they can be trained in order to provide for more effective communications (Young, 2009). Often times it is a lack of communications training that will position a worker so that are unable to give information to an employer. There are four basic types of management that will affect the way in which communication develops between a manager and an employee. The four types are autocratic, paternalistic, democratic, and laissez-faire. In an autocratic type of management, information is proprietary and all decisions are made by the manager. A paternalistic manager will make decisions upon the basis of what is best for the employees. Through good relationships with employees, this type of manager acts as a guardian for their interests. In a democratic style of management the manager will allow employees a voice in the decision making process with discussions and a fairly free flow of information allowing for some equality within the groups and teams of the organization. In the laissez-faire form of management, the manager avoids his responsibilities and the employees end up picking up duties

Paul Rand Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Paul Rand - Research Paper Example Paul Rand’s life began in 1914 in Brooklyn. He was raised up in a firm Orthodox Jewish environment. Orthodox rules condemn the establishing of images for worship such as idols, but at a tender age, Rand would contravene such laws by extracting and placing photos of celebrities and supermodels aired in the media in his father’s grocery warehouse. He joined the Pratt Institute, previously known as the Parsons School of design, as well as the Art Students League. In the Art League, he became one of the pioneers of the Swiss Style of graphic design.2 Having a strong background in designing stock portraits and images for many magazine and newspaper companies, coupled with the thought that his Jewish name might drag his career backwards in a white domineering society, he renamed himself Paul Rand. These two four letter words served as his lifelong corporate identity. In his early twenties, Rand piled a large Portfolio. He was being assigned jobs that made him famous both at home and abroad. During this period of time, he began setting page layouts for the famous Apparel Arts magazine. His designs on the exterior layout of the Direction Magazine became astounding, attracting readership. In 1940, he came up with a barbed wire cover design, which depicts the magazine as both a war-tone token and a crucifix. This was his tactic of testing with high art themes.3 Rand was gifted in converting the mundane into creative and astonishing layouts. This earned him a contract in the Esquire-Coronet magazine as an art director. At first, he failed to take up the job, but later reconsidered the offer, making him the head of Esquire Magazine when he was as young as 23. In late 1930s, Rand commenced his occupation of designing logos and corporate brand identities. In 1938, he established a new trade name for both Wallace Puppets and Esquire. At the turn of 1940, Rand climbed the job ladder to become the Art Director with William H. Weintraub Advertising firm.4 During his

Ethnographic Perspectives on the Everyday Assignment

Ethnographic Perspectives on the Everyday - Assignment Example Effective communication can be lost as the worker tries to explain the problem and the manager is only hearing excuses as to why expectations cannot be met. Failures in communications can result in strained relationships between managers and workers as information is not given or processed correctly. The way in which workers and managers communicate with one another is often defined by the management style that a manager will adopt. The type of leadership that is established will have an effect on how a worker responds and is able to communicate to the manager. As well, the way in which an individual has experienced speaking with leadership will also have an effect on how they can communicate to a manager. Communications styles develop long before an individual enters the workforce, but they can be trained in order to provide for more effective communications (Young, 2009). Often times it is a lack of communications training that will position a worker so that are unable to give information to an employer. There are four basic types of management that will affect the way in which communication develops between a manager and an employee. The four types are autocratic, paternalistic, democratic, and laissez-faire. In an autocratic type of management, information is proprietary and all decisions are made by the manager. A paternalistic manager will make decisions upon the basis of what is best for the employees. Through good relationships with employees, this type of manager acts as a guardian for their interests. In a democratic style of management the manager will allow employees a voice in the decision making process with discussions and a fairly free flow of information allowing for some equality within the groups and teams of the organization. In the laissez-faire form of management, the manager avoids his responsibilities and the employees end up picking up duties

Pestel Philips Essay Example for Free

Pestel Philips Essay POLITICAL FACTORS Because Philips is an international company, it has to deal with many political factors such as: tax policy, employment laws, environmental regulations, trade restrictions and political stability inside each country they are in. Philips is a manufacturer, a sales company and needs to maintain service organization too, so it must deal with many varieties of laws and policies that are changing, depending the country and the time. For example in many countries of European union now taking place dynamic changes in employment law. (Federation of European employees, 2007) ECONOMIC FACTORS Depending on the country and the economic growth of it, the purchasing power of the population is not the same everywhere. In fact, as Philips is present in many countries, it has to adapt its products and sales processes to the buying habits and the standard of living. For Philips high economic growth means the increasing purchasing power of the population that is desirable for the company. SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS The social and cultural influences on business vary from country to country, region to region. It is very important that such factors are considered. Then, it is necessary for Philips to understand the consumer needs and habits in order to meet its expectations. Moreover, in developed countries nowadays, customers are paying more and more attention to ethics, respect and culture of the company. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS Because of the international presence of Philips, each country doesn’t have the infrastructure to welcome properly Philips’ technologies, including online processes. So Philips needs to adapt its products to the country where they are. Moreover, Philips Company is very dependant on technology. New innovations can significantly improve operations of the company. Also, it’s important not to neglect the Research and Development department even if it’s the most expensive one. ECOLOGICAL FACTOR: Many countries are now environment concerned and try to reduce pollution. Philips as a large manufacturer can face some problems because of that, even more as it is a lightening company. With the important development of the LED, Philips has a real challenge even if the LED market is not as profitable as the lamp market. LEGAL FACTOR Each country has its own legislation even countries which are parts of the same organization, for example, in Europe, there is the European legislation and the country’s legislation, so Philips needs to be aware of every aspects of this system and adapt quickly.

Impact Of Climate Change On Insurance Companies Commerce Essay

Impact Of Climate Change On Insurance Companies Commerce Essay Change in climate is emerging up as a new type of issue in the security aspect because of the way it affects both the life and the well-being of humans in a highly interconnected and fragile world. (Evans, 1994, 107-128) Changing climate is becoming a threat to the basic welfare and survival needs of humans across the globe, including the production of food, health, access to water and the utilization of land. Environmental deprivation rising from different kinds of economical activities of humans has increased the intensity and frequency of natural disasters throughout the world. Around the world, there has always been natural development in the weather and climate events. In fact, the insurers have become experts in modelling the disastrous risks which has now become an incorporated instrument in the insurance industry. This has helped a number of businesses to digest the losses from unexpected natural disasters without important defaults. This has now led to the fact that insurance companies have become more refined in analyzing, managing and understanding their recent risks because of their natural disasters around the world. Many of the companies in United Kingdom are observed to be improving in managing and assessing their ways of dealing with the future trends and risks of the industry. As a number of UK insurance companies have started to note it, depending on their previous weather conditions and patterns for planning out strategies for future. For this, they must identify the probability of losses and gains related to weather conditions. The impact of climate change is on a very wide range from increased amount of hurricanes, fires and floods to health and life getting affected by changing patterns of hot and cold weather. (Evans, 1994, 107-128) Physical impacts effect on insurers: Companies of insurance and reinsurance are likely to face the strong impact of the changes in climate more than other parts of the financial businesses. There are a number of examples where it is seen that that how extremely weather condition can affect the insurance companies, the government and the sectors at backstops. Whilst there are examples of how the weather changes are affecting the insurance industry because of the flexibility of the insurance sector, in other ways it is quite well positioned in adapting the changes in weather events and patterns. (David, 2007, 28-38) Threat of climate change for insurance industry: The main threat that is facing the insurance industry is climate change. This threat affects both property and casualty insurance that the insurance people. Another concern: the two sectors will have to adapt to demographic change that is looming. This emerges from a study by Ernst Young, in collaboration with Oxford Analytica. Ernst Young has compiled a top ten list of threats that will confront insurers after interviewing twenty industry leaders worldwide. According to Ernst Young, climate change tops the list because global warming is changing the climate and increases the likelihood of claims arising from floods, hurricanes and other natural phenomena. Im not sure the industry is poised to cope with climate change, warned Tom Kornya, a partner at Ernst Young, in an interview with Insurance Journal. Five years ago, this risk was not even on the list. Mr. Kornya adds that not only the sector of damage insurance that will be affected by climate change, life insurance should also deal with it sooner or later. Damage will come to insurance when climate change will result in wind storms and floods. In life insurance, the consequences will be gradual. With temperatures that may change, life insurers will face new problems in health and mortality. So there could be different types of losses. The underwriting of these products is booming and no one has yet measured that cause climate change. The success of the industry will go through the development of innovative products, which will face great uncertainty, such as typing speed and severity of climate change, he said. The second risk that the industry faces is the demographic change with the arrival of the baby boomers retire, resulting in new needs. Insurers would be under great pressure, they will need to replace governments. (Rober, 2010, 34-33) In addition to the pressure generated by this new role, insurers will also deal than their competitors. Banks, mutual fund companies and all financial institutions will struggle to get the same dollar. There is a risk there too. Insurance companies must remain innovative with their products to keep the advantage, says Kornya. (Rober, 2010, 34-33) The environment in which insurers and practice is constantly changing quickly, said Tom Kornya. We find that consumers are looking for simple, low cost products and others who want more complex products that are also more expensive. A company that will not have a multichannel access could fall into the background if it does not use Internet, media and telephone. The last two threats on the list of the top ten risks of Ernst Young are the legal uncertainties and the possibility of geopolitical or macroeconomic disturbances. In the first case, accountability and reform in terms of crime could lead to financial losses. For the second, the firm says that the threat of a severe financial crisis due to derivatives and hedge funds could be damaging to the industry. Opportunities for insurance: Climate change presents risks but also opportunities. The possible opportunities created by the effects of a changing climate may require nurturing through the dedication of attention and resources. Too often, news coverage portrays climate change as a doom-and-gloom story of impending disaster. Certainly, many of the possible impacts of climate change are likely to negatively affect us, and we must address them, but we should not ignore the possible opportunities that a changing climate could create in part by proactively adapting to them. Some economic sectors and businesses may do better because of the effects of climate change, and they should seek to identify those new economic opportunities and invest in pursuing them. Turning back to the example the reduced reliance on winter roads due to warmer average temperatures disrupts supply chains and increases costs for the mining companies operating in the region. (David, 2007, 28-38). It is a risk for insurers, but also a great opportunity, says Tom Kornya. There will be a great demand for pension products. Baby boomers look for low-cost products that generate revenue. By cons, debate the role of government in the pension is not very advanced. Insurers will be required to take this place and this is a new risk to which they are unaccustomed. Financing and advisory Companies in carbon-intensive sectors are already seeking finance to help them decrease greenhouse gas emissions. In the public sphere, large sums of capital will be needed in the coming decades to develop, modify and renew key energy, transportation and flood defense infrastructure across the world. Climate change may appear to be a slow burn issue for the financial sector, but companies would be wise to give it significant attention, as much for the emerging upsides of changing demand as for protecting themselves against the erosion of value in the long term. Hedging and trading The demand from the industry is increasing for a number of risk transfer instruments in order to protect the companies against the increase in the prices of energy, the changing patterns of weather and the probable failure of current newly introduced technologies. The occurrence of carbon among the commodities that are tradable has grown higher to complex products that are starting to pull a large number of financial organizations and allow some further violation and exploitation of the products. Consumer revenues The awareness spread about the green issues encourages growth in socially responsible investments by the consumers and organizations alike. Even though, the market for mortgages, insurance and loans that give reward to low carbon behaviour is right now less, it may increase quickly. Similarly, the increased awareness of windstorms and floods has started to increase the desire of customers who are at risk for the property and casualty insurance. Implications: There are a number of activities that the insurance industry can do in order to improve their understanding of the impact and affects of change in climate, help the society and government to understand in a better way and prepare for the risks involved in the development in fire-prone or coastal areas and make items that could protect their clients from the damage induced by the climatic change. Following are some of the implications in order to reduce the negative impact of the climate change on the insurance industry: (Evans, 1994, 107-128) Most of the climatic scientists agree that the weather conditions in future are most likely to differ that the previous weather conditions. Thus, it will be sensible for the insurers to understand in a better way, what will be the future if the predictions of the scientists are true. Risk models can be developed on the basis of these predictions with the help of expertise. We can also put more potential for the research and studies as they will provide more knowledge and analytical capacity. It will also help in enabling the insurance companies to find the hidden markets and new opportunities for their products along with the risk management and educating consumers. (Rober, 2010, 34-33) Work with the scientists in order to raise the economic relevancy and accurateness for the climatic change modeling. Disclose and acknowledge the risks of climatic change in annual security filings and by other business communications. Should take a practical approach in order to influence the planning and development of land use, in fraction as most of the expected rise in the losses are stemming out from the disastrous events that could be prevented by good spatial planning. There are a number of steps that could be taken: 1) keep the valuable property out of the risk regions and 2) grant both the economic and environmental benefits. Reference Rober, D., (2010), NAICs Climate Dogma Is Putting Insurers at Risk, National Underwriter / Property Casualty Risk Benefits Management, Pp. 34-33 Evans, S., (1994), Recent climatic change and catastrophic geomorphic processes in mountain environments, Geomorphology, Pp. 107-128 David, P., (2007), Impact of Climate, Bests Review, Pp. 28-38 the unpredictability of future climate brings significant threats for insurance companies.The unpredictability of future climate brings significant opportunities for insurance companiesConsider the arguments for and against the above statements. W $Content$ References Authors Last Name, First Initial. (Date of Publication). Title of publication. Place of Publication: Publisher.